Mubuzyo: Hena alubazu aalangilwa mpiijanwa nyenyezi ya Polaris a nyenyezi ya Sigma Octantis tacili cintu citondezya kuti Nyika ilibulungene mbuli bbola?
Bwiinguzi: Nee peepe, bweende bwa (Nyenyezi ya Kunyika) Polaris a (Nyenyezi ya Kumusanza) Sigma Octantis zitondezya buyo kuti muzeezo wanyika iibulungene mbuli bbola nanka cinkuli muzeezo walucengo.
Eeci citobela cizwa mubbuku lya Zetetic Astronomy: Earth Not a Globe (by Samuel Birley Rowbotham):
Ziindi zinjaanji kuli masendekezya aakuti nyika ili muciimo cabbola nokuba cinkuli, nkaambo nyenyezi “zyakumusanza” zyizinguluka nyenyezi yakumusanza; mbweenya mbuli nyenyezi zyakunyika mbozyizinguluka nyenyezi yakunyika, “Polaris”. Ooyu mukonzyano buyo akati kaimwi wakwaabanya kasimpe, akukaka cintu ncotubona ameso eesu kutegwa tutabilile muzeezo uunyongene alimwi uutabonwi mucilengwa leza cili coonse. Ncintu cizyibidwe kumuntu uulangilizya kuti nyenyezi yakunyika njiili akatikati kamilwi yanyenyezi zinjaanji eezyo zyiinda atalaa nyika munzila iizinguluka. Eezyo nyenyezi zyili munsaa njiyo, mbuli nyenyezi ya “Great Bear,” azimwi, lyoonse zyilalibonya ku England mubweende bwakuzinguluka kwazyo mumawoola aali makumi obile awone (24hrs). Eezyo zyili kulaale kumusanza zyilaimpuka kuzwa kunyika lyakunyika lyakujwe (North-north-east), akubbilila kumusanza lyakumusanza lyakumbo(South-south-west), alimwi kuya kumbele kugama kumusanza zyilaimpuka kujwe lyakunyika (North-East), akubbilila kumbo lyakunyika (North-West). Kumusanza kulaale ooko kulibonya buyo ku England, eezyi nyenyezi zyilibonya kwiimpuka kuzwa kujwe akumusanza lyakujwe, akubbilila kumbo akumusanza lyakumbo. Pele zyoonse nyenyezi eezyo zyilibonya ku England zyilaimpuka akubbila munzila iteendelani amuzeezo wanyika yaciimo cabbola. Ngooyu mukonzyano, kuti twaimikila masyule eesu kaali kunyika, atalaa nyika ya “Arthur's Seat, munsaa ku Edinburgh, akulanga nyenyezi zyili atala lyesu, akulangilizya mawoola ongaye, nyenyezi eezyo inga zyalibonya kazyiselemuka kugama kunyika lyakumbo. Kuti twacita mbweenya oobo katwiimvwi ku Woodhouse Moor, munsaa ku Leeds, nokuba atalaa malundu aali ku Yorkshire nanka ku Derbyshire, akwalo inga twabona bweende bwanyenyezi mbweenya buyo. Aalo atalaa kalundu ka Primrose, munsaa Regent Park ku London; aku Hampstead Heath; nokuba ku kalundu ka Shooter's, munsaa ku Woolwich. Kuti katukkede ooko busiku boonse, inga twabona nyenyezi kazyiimpuka kutozya kuli ndiswe kuzwa kunyika lyakujwe, kazyitondezya kuti nzila ya nyenyezi zyoonse akataa ndiswe aakatikati kanyika zyoonse zyizinguluka nyenyezi yakumusanza; mbweenya mbozyeelede kucita atalaa nyika iipapalele. Ncintu citakonzyi kukakwa kuti kuti nyika niyali muciimo cabbola, nyenyezi nizyali kunga zyapasuka akubbilila kugoko kalangilizya ooyo muntu. Pele kuti lino twalangilizya kabotu kabotu katuli ku Rock of Gibraltar inga twabonya cintu nceenya kacicitika. Nceenya ncecilibonya notuli ku Cape of Good Hope, aku Sydney aku Melbourne ku Australia, aku New Zealand, ku Rio Janeiro, ku Monte Video, ku Valparaiso, akumasena aamwi aali kumusanza. Kuti nyenyezi zyoonse zyamulengalenga zyalangilizyigwa kuzwa mumasena oonse aanyika, kazyipasuka kuzwa kugoko lyabucedo kuya atalaa muntu uulangilizya, akuselemuka kuya kugoko lyamangolezya, kutali munzila aayimvwi muntu ooyo, pele kazyizingulukila akataa kunyika, aboobo nyika inga yaambwa kuti ililandabele, tiibulungene mbuli cinkuli pe-- cintu ncotukonzya kutondezya eeci.
Aawa nokuba boobo, tuswaanganya masimpe aakuti kuli nyenyezi nsyoonto (ziindi cisambomwe zyakuceya) kumusanza, yiitwa kuti Sigma Octantis aawo aazingulukila milwi yanyenyezi zyakumusanza, aboobo eeyi njenyenyezi yakumusanza. Ncintu citamvwiki kuloma, pele bunji bwabantu bakaiya basyoma kuti nyika ili muciimo cabbola, kuya kumusanza aanyika tacili cintu cikonzya kusanyangula makani aaya mubwini. Balabona nyenyezi kazyeenda kuzwa kujwe kuya kumbo, akukkazyika myoyo yabo. Pele tabaninga sunka bwini makani woonse kuti balomye kuzyiba bweende bwa milwi yanyenyezi zyakumusanza. Acimwi cintu cili masimpe, kuzwa akataa kunyika kunyenyezi yakunyika amilwi yanyenyezi zya Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, azimwi nyenyezi, zilibonya kuli koonse atalaa nyika; pele akataa kumusanza, nyenyezi yiitwa kuti ninyenyezi yakumusanza amilwi imwi yanyenyezi, ileenda musinzo wiinda kulampa kumusanza, kuzwa nozipasuka kumangolezya kusikila nozyibbila cifumofumo. Pele kuti nyika niyali muciimo cabbola, nyenyezi yakumusanza Sigma Octantis , anyenyezi zibamba Ciciingano ca Kumusanza, azyalo nizyali kunga zilabonwa atalaa nyika kuli koonse, mbweenya mbuli nyenyezi zyakunyika mbozyibonwa. Pele eeci teesyi ncecicitika pe; Sir James Clarke Ross kunyina ncaakabona kusikila naakali amweengwe wanyika uuli 80 kuzwa kumweengwe waandula nyika akati amweengwe uli 300 kuya kumbo.1
MM.Von Spix a Karl Von Martinus, mumakani aabweende bwabo bwalwiiyo lwazilengwa leza ku Brazil mu 1817-1820, bakaamba kuti “mubuzuba bwa 15 Ganda Pati, kabali amweengwe wa 140, twakabonakwaciindi citaanzi, milwi yanyenyezi zyakumusanza, Ciciingano eeco basyaabupampu banji ncobaali kulanganya kuti ncaluumuno, alimwi kweendelanya ampocibede, citondezya mawoola aabusiku. Twakalikulangila milwi yanyenyezi eeyi kuti ibe citweenzya kuya mumabazu aamwi; aboobo twaakakkomanisya eelyo notwaazyibona mumulengalenga.”
Syaabupampu uluulwa Humboldt wakaamba kuti:--
“Twakabona cigaminina, kwaciindi citaanzi, mpanda yakumusanza, mu busiku bwane abwasanu bwa Kunkumuna masamu, mumweengwe wakkumi cisambomwe kuya kumusanza. Yakali cengeme kapati, alimwi yakali kulibonya ciindi aciindi akataa makumbi. . . .Kukondwa kwesu nitwaabona Mpanda yanyenyezi ya Kumusanza cakali cintu cakaluulwa amuntu uli woonse waakkede mumabazu aakwabilidwe.”
Kuti Mpanda ya Kumusanza kiili kkunga lya nyenyezi livwukumene, ncintu cili masimpe kuti inga tiibakaalilwa kwiibona basyaabupampu beenzya mato kumusanza lyanyika. Lyoonse inga kiilibona atalaa kumagelo aanyika mbweenya mbuli nyenyezi ziitwa kuti “Great Bear” mbozilibonya ciindi coonse Kunyika. Zyeelede kulibonya ciindi coonse nkaambo nyenyezi eezi zyili munsi munsi kapati “anyenyezi ya Kumusanza, kwiinda nyenyezi zya “Great Bear” mbozili munsaa kunyika. Humboldt taakabona Mpanda Yakumusanza kusikila naakali mumweengwe wakkumi acisambomwe kuya kumusanza, eelyo “niyaacengeme kapati”, eeci kacitondezya kuti yakali kupasukila kuzwa kujwe, alimwi yakali kugama mbuli nyenyezi zyoonse kuzwa kujwe kuya kumbo, kazyizinguluka nyenyezi yakunyika mumulengalenga.
Twabona kuti lyoonse kuti bweende bwanyenyezi bwalangisyigwa, zyoonse zilajanwa kuti zileendelana, kazyeenda kuzinguluka akataa nyika nkwiili Kunyika. Kunyina pe aajanwa “cibende” mumulongo mozyeenda pe. Pele buyo nyenyezi zimwi “zilibonya kweenda kulangwaa meso”, zyoonse zyileenda kugama bbazu lyomwe kazyinguluka Kunyika, zili kulaale kazyibalika kwiinda zilaafwaafwi. Kutegwa kutabi kudonaika amakani aabweende bwanyenyezi kutalikila akataa kunyika kwini kusikila kumusanza kwini, bamwi basyaabupampu, batazyi makanaa ciimo canyika, inga babikkwa muzibaka ziindene zyakumusanza, kuti balangilizye akulemba bweende bwanyenyezi eezyo zizibidwe kapati kumusanza, kuleka kweendelanya anyenyezi yakumusanza pe, pele kweendelanya amyeengwe aayimvwi nyenyezi eezyo. Eeci inga camvwikisya kuli baabo bazyi kuti nyika ilibandalele mbuli musena, alimwi kuti kumusanza ncibaka cikwazeme kapati kutali mbuli kunyika. Atalaa bumboni oobu inga woonse makani ngotwamvwa kale, akonzyeka kutondezyegwa.
Twaambo twamasimpe ntootu:--
1st.--Kufumbwa musunko uunga wacitwa, nyenyezi zyamulengalenga tazyipasuki, akubbilila mumweengwe uululeme, mbuli mbozyikonzya kucita kuti nyika niyali muciimo cabbola nanka cinkuli.
2nd.--Mpanda Yakumusanza yanyenyezi tiilibonyi acibaka cili coonse kumusanza, mbuli kkunga lyanyenyezi kunyika “Great Bear” mbozyilibonya kufumbwa acibaka cakunyika, mbuli mbozyeelede kulibonya kuti nyika niyali muciimo cabbola nanka cinkuli.Kujatikizya makani aakuti Mpanda Yakumusanza yanyenyezi tiiyakali kulibonya kusikila basyaabupampu nibaasika aali mweengwe walusele, wakkumi atone, awakkumi acisambomwe, inga tikwaambwa kuti tiibaabikkila maanu kuyandaula Mpanda eeyo nkaambo balo baamba kuti bakali “kwiilangila kwaciindi cilamfu”, aboobo bakali songwaalide kapati kuyandaulisya nyenyezi eezyo nibaali kuyaa kugama kumusanza. Alimwi sikweendeenda Humboldt nakiibona “kwaciindi citaanzi” yakali “cengeme kapati”, nkaambo yakali kumagolelo aanyika aali kujwe, nkokuti aciindi cimwi tiiyakali kulibonya nkaambo tiyaaninga pasuka.
3rd.--Inyika ili mbuli musena naa ilibandalele, kunyika akati kanyika, aawo nyenyezi (ziimvwi nokuba zyeendeenda zyitanazyibwa) mpozyingulukila muntaamu ziindene kuzwa waawo alimwi kazyilibonya kumuntu uulangilizya uuli kunyika nokuba kumusanza. Oobu bumboni mbwayooyo wakali kulangilizya nyenyezi kaimvwi ku Great Britain, Ireland, Isle of Man, Isle of Wight, amabazu amwi manjaanji; atwaambo tunjaanji twabalongwema basyomeka, aabo bakakkede ku New Zealand, Australia, Rio Janeiro, Valparaiso, aamwi mabazu aakumusanza, amakani amwi aambwa kale aawa ngotwainduluka kwaamba.
4th.--Bbazu lyanyika lyakumusanza talili akataa nyika pe, pele lili kumbali kumagolelo aanyika; aboobo kunyina pe nyenyezi yakumusanza, kunyina pe makunga aanyenyezi aakumusanza; toonse twaambo tutaminina kuti kuli kumusanza anyenyezi zyakumusanza, tatuli twaambo tukkwene tulaa makani aalaa masimpe, aboobo ooto twaambo tatukonzyi kutambulika kuba bumboni pe.
1 “South Sea Voyage,” p. 19 vol. 1.